Psychoanalytic based psychotherapy and the method
Bernard Miodownik

Psychoanalysis is may be not intersubjective?
Luiz Carlos Mabild

To live is to know
Maria Cristina Borja Gondim

Transgressions and deviations of the method
Icleiber Calife

Beyond the mirror
Adalberto A. Goulart

The psychoanalytical method preservation in view of present difficulties
Luiz Marcírio K. Machado

Study on the analytical scene and the enactments concept
Roosevelt M. Smeke Cassorla

Structures in scene in the psychoanalytical process
Jaques Goldstajn

Psychoanalytical process and psychic change
Luís Carlos Menezes

Repetition, new transcriptions and new meanings on the process
Deodato Curvo de Azambuja

The potential space as germinative field of the psychoanalytic process
Anna-Maria de Lemos Bittencourt

A place for the surprise in the analytic process
Ana Rosa Chait Trachtenberg

Analytic process in clinical practice and in analytic training
Flávio Rotta Corrêa

On the identity of the psychoanalyst
Fernando José Barbosa Rocha

The psychoanalyst’s identity
Victor Manoel Andrade

Melanie Klein’s object relations developments
Marly Beaklini Guimarães Lemos
Maria Cristina Reis Amendoeira

Freud, Hartmann and Kohut
Paulo Roberto Sauberman

Freud, Hartmann (col.) and Kohut
Vilma Guilherme Santos de Araújo

After Freud, Bion helps us to works with Oedipus
Antonio Muniz de Rezende

Psychoanalysis and Neurosciences: a matter of practical interest
Carlos Doin

A practical psychoanalytic experience founded on neuro-psychoanalysis
Yusaku Soussum

Therapeutic consultation or experimental treatment: alternatives of research with the psychoanalytic method
Theodor Lowenkron

From psychoanalytical practice to research in psychoanalysis
Marisa Pelella Mélega

Babies observation Bick’s method
Rute Stein Maltz

The Esther Bick observation method on mother-infant relation
Theodolinda Mestriner Stocche

The constitution of femininity in a clinical case
Teresa Rocha Leite Haudenschild

Psychoanalysis and psychopatology: past or future
Fernando Linei Kunzler

The psychosomatic patient
Plinio Montagna

Anorexia nervosa and the psychoanalysis: tendencies and one reading
Milton Della Nina

Psychoanalysis: Profession or specialization?
Alfredo Menotti Colucci

Psychoanalysis in face of violence
José Otavio Fagundes

Psychoanalysis, individual violence and social violence.
Aurea Maria Lowenkron

Psychoanalysis and art
Claudio Castelo Filho

The second innocence: arts and psychoanalysis
Ignacio Gerber

Literature and psychoanalysis: mutual illumination
Juarez Guedes Cruz

Psychoanalysis and theatre
Alan Victor Meyer

Psychoanalysis and Mass Media
Claudio Rossi

The Raft of the Medusa and the Shipwreckeds of Identity
Luiz Fernando Gallego

"Psychoanalysis and Institutional Psychology”
Regina Murat

A psychoanalist “pé descalço” in the community
Joaquim Couto Rosa

So many families!
Marci Dória Passos

Social Clinics in the Institutes of psychoanalysis
Maria de Fátima B. Calife Batista

Violence and psychic trauma as a risk situation in psychoanalysis
Edgar Chagas Diefenthaeler

Literature and psychoanalysis
Marialzira Perestrello

The vicissitudes of the Psychoanalysis in aged
Maria Cristina Reis Amendoeira

Key words
Psychoanalysis • method • object • objective.

Armagedon: violence in contemporary world
Liana Albernaz de Melo Bastos

Considering that violence has always existed, the author tries to establish its characteristics in the actual world and how psychoanalysis can help to understand it. Exemplifying the clinics of the contemporaries subjects using the film “ Two lost gays in a dirty night” and supported by Baudrillard’s analysis of globalization and the appearing of the USA as na unique potency after the 11th September, the author privileges the Freudians concepts of death instinct and of stranger (Unheimlich) to discuss the violence of the globalized narcissistic power.

Key words
Violence • globalization • narcissistic power.

The psychoanalytic method in Freud
Marion Minerbo

From Freud’s clinical fragment published in Psychoneurosis of Defense (1894), I try to make explicit the invariant movements of the psychoanalytic method. My aim is to try to answer the questions: How did Freud discover what he discovered? What is the method underlying his clinical work that produced the theory we know? What was the path he followed and that we continue to follow every day?

Key Words
Psychoanalytic method • interpretation.

Psychoanalytic based psychotherapy and the method
Bernard Miodownik

For approximately 50 years the relationship between Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy has been an ever present theme in clinical practice. Starting with numerous changes in the cultural environment and in the theoretical and technical psychoanalytic body, this subject has been becoming a more controversial matter. As in Wallerstein’s word (1995) we have left an “era of consensus” in which both categories presented clearly defined methods and parameters for periods of “fragmentation of consensus” and even to a “world without consensus”. As psychoanalysts more frequently started to practice analytic psychotherapy, a gradual approximation between the methods occurred. This and other factors that contributed to an approximation between the two therapies are recounted and related to the changes in theory and technique since Ferenczi. Arguments and clinical examples are presented that aim to demonstrate the idea that in certain conditions and clinical situations an analytic process can be developed, even though the classical analytic method is not being totally applied. An approximation between Psychoanalysis and analytic psychotherapy has taken to a modified analytic model that can be included, using once again a term of Wallerstein (1995), among the many existing psychoanalysis in the contemporary psychoanalytic movement.

Key words
Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy • modified psychoanalytic method • intersubjectivity • severe disorders.

Psychoanalysis is may be not intersubjective?
Luiz Carlos Mabild

This paper focuses on some questions concerning intersubjectivity as new paradigm for the psychoanalytical method. At the same time it also tries to bring some into the intense discussion that has been going on among subjectivist psychoanalysts, objectivist psychoanalysts and interactivist psychoanalysts, as this discussion has not been very enlightening.
In order to achieve these goals, the paper presents a historical, conceptual and developmental explanation of the intersubjective concept, as well as a discussion concerning its technical usefulness based on clinical material published by Jacobs, Ogden and Renik.
Towards the end, the author presents his own opinion concerning the possibility of Psychoanalysis becoming an interactive theory because of its use of the intersubjective point of view.

Key words
Psychoanalytical method • technique theory • intersubjectivity.

To live is to know
Maria Cristina Borja Gondim

The author considers life as a discovery process, considering its search as the motivation that moves the analysand forward. Therefore, she does not only understand the construction of knowledge as a formulation of the substantive theory, but, also as a procedural theory: the method. This problem is inserted in a broader questioning that exceeds the individual and the psychoanalytic theory, by observing that it reaches all areas of knowledge, as a questioning of the scientific paradigm of modern science, effective since the XVIII century. Through the use of Edgar Morin’s thought in this area, as a privileged interlocutor, she examines the necessity of a change in determinant principles on the analyst’s thought , in order to approach it of complex thought. Subsequently she deals with the consequences of the different paradigmatic determinations of the psychoanalytic clinical process. Finally, she adopts a cautious position in respect to the meaning expressed in the theme “Transgressions and deviations of the method”.

Key words
Psychoanalytic theory • Transgressions and deviations of the method.

Transgressions and deviations of the method
Icleiber Calife

The author is used of the Dream of Irma’s Injection for to explain that is the Psychoanalytic Method. He speaks about the Failed Operations, of Psychopathology of the daily life, of the Jokes and your Relationships with the Unconscious, as the only way to explain that human acts prove the existence of a dynamic process that promotes the elaboration of psychic apparel that operates independently of the will. He speaks about Freud’s course to elaborate the Method, with your deviations and contradictions, until arriving to your collaborators’ transgressions Jung, Adler, and Otto Rank, which tried to reformulate the Method and the Analytic Technique. It is only used of Freud’s Work to affirm that the protests or attempts of modification of the Method implicate in the creation of new psychologies, non psychoanalytic. It compares the current protests with the same of Freud’s time, in the attempt of changes of the Method, without the due scientific backup that justifies it.

Key vords
Transgressions • deviations • method.

Beyond the mirror
Adalberto A. Goulart

The Author develops a study about the nowadays comprehension of the countertransference concept, crossedes projective identifications and counteridentifications, pre-verbals intuitives communications and the latent content of the verbals communications. He discusses the important presence of the analyst total personality in the analytic session, that included the real person, as much as the patient, interchanging and interfering on process, although the technic neutrality search.
The intersubjective concept is enhanced like a double phantasy in the analytic field, constructed by subjectivities meeting of both components, that should be ransom later, in their differences, enriched by the intersubjective meeting.
He emphasize the necessity of some dose of courage and daring that the analyst needs to have to use of the raw material that emerge in field intersubjective, always sustained by the solid psychoanalytic formation, by the studies and speciality by the satisfactory personal analysis. He illustrates the paper with a clinic session in that intersubjective phenomenon experience emerge in the analytic situation. The turbulences that this studies cause in the psychoanalytic method and process are discusses.
The author concludes the work, with Ehrenberg (1992), when he says that the neutrality myth never replace the analyst integrity.

Key words
Psychoanalysis • method and process • external object.

The psychoanalytical method preservation in view of present difficulties
Luiz Marcírio K. Machado

This paper seeks a better distinction between the psychoanalytical method in its essence and the necessary techniques as to its theoretical-clinical application. It also discusses the definition of the object of psychoanalysis as a science which researches the unconscious and as a kind of psychotherapy based on the phenomenon of transference of such unconscious aspects towards the analyst himself.
In general terms it tries to demonstrate that some techniques are central to the applicability of the psychoanalytical interpretation method. They are the ones which intend to facilitate the aprehension of the transferential phenomenon in its “status nascendi” with the least induction possible on the analyst’s part.
Other techniques have been receiving new approaches, mainly because of the more intersubjective current view of the analytical process, taking into account the dialectics of “countertransference-transference” in the analytical field.
After a quick review of some of Freud’s technical texts - and comparing with other authors - we have set out to discuss if the question of session frequency and the use of the couch must be considered as such a central matter as we suggest abstinence rules, (we have added continence), fluctuating attention and free association. In other words, if the objective of any analytical process is visualizing the unconscious processes and their updating in the transference, then the psychoanalytical method cannot overlook it, since it constitutes its own essence, even if some some originary, ancient rules – be it for the sake of broader analysibility criteria, or for modern day life difficulties – are undergoing inevitable transformations.

Key words
Method • techniques • transference • countertransference • intersubjective.

Study on the analytical scene and the enactments concept
Roosevelt M. Smeke Cassorla

The author seeks a model that will facilitate the comprehension of what occurs between the members of the analytical pair. Therefore, characteristics of the narrative arts such as movies, literature, theater are discussed. It is proposed that the theater is the most appropriated model. In this “theater” the analyst should be, at the same time, actor, director, co-author, critic, and illuminator. The analyst’s critical capacity as an observational instrument is emphasized. The “enactment” phenomenon is then presented as a different concept from “acting-out”. It’s considered that the concept of “enactment” is controversial but useful, and it is explained from an inter subjective view. The concept of “enactment” is referred to the theater model. Finally a classification on normal and pathological enactments is presented. Pathological enactments can be acute and chronic.

Key words
Psychoanalytic technique • intersubjectivity • acting out • enactment.

Structures in scene in the psychoanalytical process
Jaques Goldstajn

The author presents clinical material that aloud our thoughts development about the psychoanalytical process, based on contemporary clinic where we’ve noticed a bigger demand from chemical addicts, psychosomatics and borderlines patients. With this material, he lead us through a way that claim for changes in the traditional psychoanalytical setting, as previously happened with Children analysis. For justify it, shows in here the Scenic Structures and also the Psychoanalytical Process in the sense of developing methodological and technical matters that may contribute to form new ideas about the setting elements.
Stands out about external setting matters, which need to take place in the analytical process and which may be puzzled with transferences. The author also propose about formal matters that can be modified, as the couch use, the schedule and the fee arrangements as well as the capability to introduce interpretations, favoring the patients comprehension among the work process.

Key words
Setting • psychoanalytical theory technique • borderline patients.

Psychoanalytical process and psychic change
Luís Carlos Menezes

I approached the proposed theme about the psychoanalytical process putting emphasis on language and considering that it is in its interior that analysis essentially takes place. A clinical example was presented in order to convey how I understand from this point of view the interventions and changes in this process.
The way the analyst makes himself present cannot be dissociated from the way he listens to his patient. As we cannot omit what we know about the primary paranoid tendency of the ego, what matters is the analyst, beyond his empirical “person”, may implant through his listening a form of presence that may guarantee a condition of absence in the session; this is the condition for language to become the place of transference, that is, of the foreigner.

Key words
Psychoanalytical process • psychic change • transference • counter-transference • language in analysis.

Repetition, new transcriptions and new meanings on the process
Deodato Curvo de Azambuja

The work seeks to monitor certain insights that have been extended as from September 11, 2001. The author emphasizes certain models, based on his insights, of absurd realities, which are disclosed based on surprising, and sometimes unprecedented, happenings. They are dreams, hallucinatory states, schizo-paranoid, and the “spectacle of growth and reproduction” through the juxtaposition of the feminine and masculine, the collapse of the Twin Towers of the WTC All these make room through language and communication for new transcriptions and new meanings and for the uncertainties of reality, alongside absolutisms that seek eternal repetition.

Key words
Insight • repetition • new transcriptions • new meanings • language, freedom • absolutism • relativism • success • reality • absurd.

The potential space as germinative field of the psychoanalytic process
Anna-Maria de Lemos Bittencourt

The paradoxical condition of the aesthetic experience, as described by Proust in his work “A la Recherche du Temps Perdu”, draws it closer to other creative phenomena studied by psychoanalysis, which are equally paradoxal and, for that very reason, thought provoking. They both require theoretical examination and, although stemming from different fields of knowledge, they found a common denominator in the concept of potential space. The author talks about the germinative activity of this space, taking as a starting point the ideas of bissexuality according Proust, Winnicott and Freud and points to the importance of considering the psychoanalytical experience as such kind of space.
El espacio potencial como campo germinativo del proceso psicoanálitico

Key words
Aesthetic experience • potential space • creativity • bisexuality.

A place for the surprise in the analytic process
Ana Rosa Chait Trachtenberg

The author intends, in this paper, to make some relations about the surprise in the analytic process as an enabling element of its movement. The capability of the analyst of letting himself penetrate by the novelty of the surprise, and specially come out of the paralysis that it initially arouses, makes him able to progress into curiosity. It takes place inside the well-succeeded countertransference (“within the law group “).We have three examples: alienating identifications and the listening of the listening; figurability and the regredient listening; the silent body and the body listening. The countertransference in the “out of law group “appears with the predominance of the analyst narcissism. Thus, it sets up with a cut to the surprise, the new and the progress of the analytic situation.

Key words
Countertransference • surprise • alienating identification • figurability • analytic process.

Analytic process in clinical practice and in analytic training
Flávio Rotta Corrêa

Based on the clinical experience and on the didatic function exercise in the Psychoanalysis Institute of the Porto Alegre Psychoanalytical Society the author develops considerations on the subject proposed by the theme “Is these a natural course in the evolutive of analytic process?” during XIX Brazilians Congress a Psychoanalysis, Recife, Brasil.

Keywords
Psychoanalysis • process • clinical practice • analytic training.

On the identity of the psychoanalyst
Fernando José Barbosa Rocha

The author discusses the statute, the object and the objectives of psychoanalysis, placing the importance of the analytic setting and the transference as basic elements of the analytic work. He defends the idea that instauration of the analytic process and its affectiveness are directly associated to the analyst´s possibilities of staying in the “place of the analyst”. Maintained in his “place”, the analyst would not impede that psychoanalysis’ main goal to be accomplished, in order to lead to psychic energy free movement, in which significances and resignificances might occur. He presents and discusses the meaning of the training of the analyst, pointing out the need for personal analysis, theoretical studies and supervision . At this time, the author is categorical in detaching the analyst´s personal analysis as a fundamental element in the formation of one’s identity and also in the transmission of psychoanalysis. As an aim to corroborate with refletions and discussions on the theme, some basic elements of the psychoanalytic training are presented, through the Paris Psychoanalytic Society training model. Finally, the author investigates on which should be the rearrangements that Psychoanalysis should operate so that the analysis won`t retreat before the “new pathologies of the soul”.

Key words
Statute • object and the objective of the psychoanalysis • identitiy of the psychoanalyst • personal analysis • supervision • theorectical study • the place of the analyst.

The psychoanalyst’s identity
Victor Manoel Andrade

The departure from its natural development track is an important factor in the universal crisis experienced by psychoanalysis nowadays. The trajectory of this development was laid down by Freud, when he pointed to ego comprehension as our “major task”. The narcissistic cases that we face daily are usually understood on a different way from that suggested by Freud, when he conceived the ego as a synthesis-instance. In these cases many theories are used, which frequently are not coherent one with another. Sometimes, they are conflictive with the Freudian identity of psychoanalysis, and these breaks, in a certain way, our science’s historical continuity. The repercussion of these facts on psychoanalyst’s identity is unavoidable. If the present-day contributions to the treatment of narcissism were understood in the light of Freud’s ego psychology, we would see that the psychoanalyst’s identity is a fundamental part of the psychoanalytic process, since the healing of the basic fault in the patient’s ego depends on the integrity of the analyst’s ego. In these cases, the analyst’s attitude and disposition is as decisive as his interpretations. In Analysis Terminable and Interminable, where ego alterations were discussed, Freud showed that the integrity of the analyst’s character is a crucial factor in making psychoanalysis a possible profession.

Key words
Enlarged ego • major psychoanalysis • unconscious ego • empathic identificaton.

Melanie Klein’s object relations developments
Marly Beaklini Guimarães Lemos
Maria Cristina Reis Amendoeira

The theory of the object relations leads us to the understanding of human emotional development and its pathologies. The concept of projective identification, sufficiently developed and used in the present time, allows the analyst to work inserted in a rich relational field of transference and counter transference emotions.
Moreover it approaches the understanding of the most complex existing mental contents in contemporaneous psychopathology. We add to the formation of thought and symbolism, contributions of Bion and Segal as well as the new developments of the oedipal triangulation according to Britton. The developed theoretical conceptions in this work are illustrated by clinical vignettes.

Key Words
Object relations theory • object relations developments • transference • countertransference • narcisism.

Freud, Hartmann and Kohut
Paulo Roberto Sauberman

This is a presentation for a panel in the next Psychoanalytic Congress focusing the relations among Freud, Hartmann and Kohut. The paper focuses a series of Seminars given by Kohut between 1972 and 1974 about Psychoanalysis to advanced students at Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis and explore the new ideas by Kohut in the period of time between the publication os his two books: the Analysis of the Self and the Restoration of the Self

Key words
Heinz Kohut • psychoanalytic self psychology.

Freud, Hartmann (col.) and Kohut
Vilma Guilherme Santos de Araújo

Based on the viewpoint that Psychoanalysis has progressed, I have tried to present Kohut’s and Hartmann’s innovations through Freud’s theories.
Considering psychism construction, made through whether through the drives theory or the object relations theory, I articulated Freud’s, Hartmann’s and Kohut’s theorethical viewpoints.
The foundations of the three theories were presented taking their main aspects into account.
Concerning the Freudian theory I focused the concepts that were
modified by Hartmann and Kohut. These concepts were the pillars of their theories.
The fundamental differences among Hartmann’s Psychology of Ego and Kohut’s Psychology of Self were pointed.

Key words
Instinct drive theory • object relations theory • exempt conflict of ego • self object.

After Freud, Bion helps us to works with Oedipus
Antonio Muniz de Rezende

In this work, my intention was to explain how Bion helps us to reread the myth of Oedipus, to provide us not only better clinic skills, but also a braver epistemological position.

Key words
Personality • character • relationships • structure • elements • function • sexuality • truth psychoanalysis of adults • development • catastrophic change • reorganization.

Psychoanalysis and Neurosciences: a matter of practical interest
Carlos Doin

Having discussed several questions concerning the interface psychoanalysis-neurosciences in other opportunities, including the two latest Brazilian congresses of psychoanalysis, the author retakes the matter from a essentially clinical stand, trying to answer some freqüent questions such as: “What is the practical usefulness of these studies? Can’t I work without them?”. Searching for better answers the author examines several aspects of the problem and mentions many contributions on neurosciences which are relevant to psychoanalysis, emphasising two: the great quantity of empirical data and concepts that are able to strengthen several psychoanalytic theories and notions, as well as to weaken other ones; a deeper understanding of some severe pathological conditions that can favor the clinical approach and improve the transferential-countertransferential management of them.

A practical psychoanalytic experience founded on neuro-psychoanalysis
Yusaku Soussum

A reduced version of this paper was presented in the XLII IPA Congress, in Nice (2001), in the panel: “Psychoanalysis and Neurosciences”. The author now presents the full article, with neuro-psychoanlytic fundamentations, that are so different from the psychoanalytic ones. He presents a work approach in analytical situations, that was developed in the begining under Bion’s influence, looking for the apprehension of emotional experience in the “here and now” situation. The author noticed that one of the difficulties of analysands to become aware of the emotional states was the lack of the development of attention and perception functions. The development of attention, self-perception, perception of the other and of the situation could permit the analysands to have the elaboration of questions that maintained their lives in traps. Through an adequate emotional experience they could reach maturation and changes in the manner of driving their lives.

Key words
Applied psychoanalysis • neuro-psychoanalysis • basic registers of memory • attention • perception • volition.

Therapeutic consultation or experimental treatment: alternatives of research with the psychoanalytic method
Theodor Lowenkron

In this paper, therapeutic consultation and experimental treatment are presented as research alternatives with the psychoanalytic method. Winnicott’s idea on therapeutic consultation is carried from child clinic to adult clinic, by substituting the encounter registration of the exchange of drawings between analyst and patient through the so called Squiggle Game by video recordings of encounters with adult patients. Freud’s experimental proof treatment is redeemed through the preliminary interviews proposal. The author intends to test the possibility of enlargement of Freud’s original purpose with experimental treatment beyond diagnosis, including the Winnicott conception of psychoanalytic consultation to experimental treatment.

Key Words
Psychoanalytic research • psychoanalytic method • psychoanalytic of therapeutic consultation • experimental treatment.

From psychoanalytical practice to research in psychoanalysis
Marisa Pelella Mélega

The author does some considerations about psychoanalytical researches.
She follows presenting a research methodology used for a project which studies the correspondence between Maternal Reverie and the Development of Symbolic Capacity in Infants from 0 to 18 months.
The investigated sample was constituted by 212 visit reports, following the method of Mother-Infant Observation devised by Esther Bick. Nineteen dyads observed on a weekly basis along two years were studied. The reports were brought by the Observers to group supervision with the main researcher, following the current procedure used for the training in “Infant Observation”.
For the research, sequences within the observation reports which could be characterized as Frustration Episodes were selected and studied according to the infant’s reaction to frustration, and to the beginning, attempts of solution and outcome of the Episodes. The theoretical background was Bion’s theory on thinking (1962). To study the Episodes, the researchers created categories to assess both the Child’s Behaviour and the Maternal Reverie in each Frustration Episode. There categories are detailed in the Research Manual.
As an exploratory piece of research and having, the psychoanalytical observation field as a background, this paper explain through an example how the observational material was transferred to the protocol and how the data was analyzed qualitatively, although not directly presented.
In this paper, a quantitative investigation (including the gathering of data through tables) has also been undertaken.
The qualitative study and the discussion on the quantitative data are been accomplished.

Key words
Psychoanalytical research • psychoanalytical method • infant observation on Esther Bick method • maternal reverie • symbolic capacity • frustration episode.

Babies observation Bick’s method
Rute Stein Maltz

In this paper, the author intends to establish an approximation between the Observation of Babies and the Work of Art.
As baby observers, we, in a similar way as an artist with “the look”, capture and transmit what we experience in the face of the greatest masterpiece of human nature: the mother- infant relation. This relation, for being impacting, unique and primitive, reveals itself to the observer as an important source of creativity.
The author illustrates the proposed theme with material from the observation of babies, literary texts and paintings.
Later on she points out the importance of observation for one’s comprehension.:
1. The primitive emotional development originating from the initial relation mother-baby.
2. To reflect about the performance of our therapeutic function from what we observe in ourselves, through the observation and latter discussion in the group of observers.
3. To make references to the therapeutic aspects of observation.
Nevertheless, the author makes it a point in emphasizing the significant importance that the living experience of the Bick Method brings as a contribution to the formation of the psychoanalyst in the clinical work with patients.

Key words
Bick method • baby observattion • work of art.

The Esther Bick observation method on mother-infant relation
Theodolinda Mestriner Stocche

The observation method on mother-infant relation, proposed by Bick four decades ago allowed for a formidable expansion of knowledge not only in Psychoanalysis, as well as in different fields of science. After the context of the method, we undertake reflections setting out from our observation experiences by focusing questions such as: reasons for pregnant women to accept the presence of an observer in the privacy of their homes and the effect of precocious separation in the mothers and their babies. We get to the conclusion that mothers are receptive to the entrance of an observer in the privacy of their homes since towards the end of pregnancy, they feel emotionally fragile, in need for protection. Thus, they seek necessary emotional support in the observer figure in this delicate period of their lives. On the other hand, child separation at the age of three / four months triggers diverse psychosomatic reactions in the baby. In mothers, manifestations of anxiety and depression were observed, as well as compensatory mechanisms. Data systemized in our experience demonstrate that the mother-infant bond is primordial and fondant of human psychism.
The baby is a product of active exchanges between its potential and the physical, social and emotional environment in which development is taking place.

Key words
Observação da relação mãe-bebê • vínculo • separação.

The constitution of femininity in a clinical case
Teresa Rocha Leite Haudenschild

The author proposes that studies on the femininity be carried out in its evolution through the course of a woman’s life, rather than under the weight of classical theories based on the “masculine” and on female pathology.
She presents a clinical case whereby the reader can observe the constitution of femininity and concludes by inviting others to write on cases of the healthy evolution of women.

Key words
The constitution of femininity • psychic self-continence • the internalized father • pride to be a woman.

Psychoanalysis and psychopatology: past or future
Fernando Linei Kunzler

The author does a brief historic search about the basic concepts of Freud, Klein, Winnicott, Bion, Lacan and the contemporary André Green's psychoanalysis. Defends the idea that the psychoanalysts need to be based in the theoretical and technical's foundations, deepen and amplify continuously the study and improve the technic in order that psychoanalysis be always an alive science and strong and could be defined not as psychoanalysis past or future, but, as psychoanalysis past, present and future.

Key words
Psychoanalysis • past • present • future/psychopatology • past • present • future.

The psychosomatic patient
Plinio Montagna

Through the discussion of psychosomatic phenomena and its comprehensios the author comments some useful elements in its psychoanalytical management.

Key words
Psychosomatic patient.• alexithymia • psychosomatics.

Anorexia nervosa and the psychoanalysis: tendencies and one reading
Milton Della Nina

The author proposes himself to do a commented reading of the psychoanalytic literature about anorexia nervosa. His goal is to offer an introductory facilitation to the readers for the complex conceptual plot produced by those psychoanalytic researches. He presumes a reader that can be identified with him: a psychoanalyst interested in the theme, but mainly searching in these emergent concepts an association with related clinical problems. At first, he shows the steps from the nosological definition of anorexia nervosa through the time. Then, he detaches from the conceptual mass, with resumed presentation of selected psychoanalytic papers, some tendencies of the psychodynamic vision of the syndrome. He complements the tendencies´ presentation with a few isolated examples of Brazilian authors, without considering it as a bibliographical review. Finally, revisiting his own pathway reading he outlines some possible research routes of conceptual connections with relevance to the daily clinical work. He points out mainly to the concept of mental space, its relation with the development of symbolization and transitional space in the cultural inclusion, the primitive phobic defenses in front of the anxiety neurosis, and the importance of the corporal ego construction in the clinical phenomena of borderline and psychosomatic patients.

Key words
Anorexia nervosa • bulimia • mental space • transitional space • corporal ego body image • phobia • borderline • psycho soma • anxiety neurosis • personality disturb.

Psychoanalysis: Profession or specialization?
Alfredo Menotti Colucci

The author study the introdution of a occupation in the culture. Highlight Psychoanalisys as one plural activity and the psychoanalist with the challenge to represent The question of the title incentive reflections and suggest that a continuous evolution based on the standart ethics will provide protection and posterity to the Psychoanalisys.

Key Words
Profession • regulation • regulate • ethics.

Psychoanalysis in face of violence
José Otavio Fagundes

The author defines violence as a traumatic situation, as an expression of destructiveness against the other or himself, with a psychic and social representation. It is distinguished from biological instinct and derived from the abuse of power between people, when conflicts are not solved through dialogue. He refers that, although the psychoanalyst can’t solve the violence problem, he could create a space for reflection to think about it and its relatedness with other disciplines.
A literature revision describes its psychodynamic and its social relations. He presents some authors’ ideas in dealing with violence, besides the project Abrace Seu Bairro of juvenile violence prevention, in which the Brazilian Psychoanalytic Society of S.Paulo participates among other institutions.

Key words
Psychoanalysis • violence • destructivity • trauma • power • narcissism • social • compassion • conflict • paradox.

Psychoanalysis, individual violence and social violence.
Aurea Maria Lowenkron

This paper deals with the issue of violence on theoretic and clinical approaches, considered in their social relationships. Many aspects of violence that were discussed by Freud are highlighted, such as trauma concept, discomforts in civilization, death instinct and some of his ideas about war. Based on concepts proposed by Piera Aulagnier, this paper also discusses the organizational or pathogenic aspects related to necessary violence and excessive violence in family and social environment. Finally, a few resumes of clinical and literary stories are presented in order to illustrate the impossibility of the construction or maintenance of subjectivity under brutal life conditions that obstruct the thinking and the hope. On the absence of principles appropriate to human conditions, there is no subject, no place for psychoanalysis or even for life. That is why violence in the world we live nowadays concern us as subjects, citizens and psychoanalysts.

Key words
Psychoanalysis and violence • trauma • subject and environment • necessary violence • excessive violence • social violence.

Psychoanalysis and art
Claudio Castelo Filho

The author considers that both art and science have common origins that can be found in explosions of creativity as proposed by A. I. Miller and in alpha function and selected fact as proposed by Bion. Both try to find aesthetic representations of worlds beyond appearances. Works of art are the equivalents of myths, dreams and mathematical equations. All these expressions are related to the apprehension of new levels of “common sense” and its expansion. A masterpiece as well as a great scientific theory represent a deep insight which is conveyed through efficient language (language of achievement) that allow the members of a community to share the grasped meanings and evolve them. According to Bion, the analyst should be able to paint a picture of what is going on in his office when he is at work and see the colors that would fit it. The author resorts to a paper by Hannah Arendt that is about the nature of works of art and the uses that can be made of them. This philosopher warns us about the great danger that nowadays art risks being transformed into objects of mass consume that are quickly digested and eliminated through a catastrophic process. The same danger menaces Psychoanalysis due to the efforts that are being made to dilute it and to turn it into something banal like the kitsch copy of itself so it would become popular and easy to consume.

Key words
Comunication • emotional experience • language of achievment • art • kitsh.

The second innocence: arts and psychoanalysis
Ignacio Gerber

In this essay the author proposes that artistic attention and psychoanalytic attention emanate from a suspension of the conscious ego and giving oneself up to the emotional logic of the Unconscious. He relates floating attention and the “ no memory no desire” with the quest for a second innocence.

Key words
Unconscious • emotion • floating attention • sublimation.

Literature and psychoanalysis: mutual illumination
Juarez Guedes Cruz

The present paper is based on a premise: the familiarity between literature and psychoanalysis – both having origins in our dream unconscious lives and basically dealing with words – allows for the establishment of a ‘mutual illumination’ (Martins, 2002). Such process dilutes illusions of supremacy of one towards the other and allows that both approaches escape from isolation that would be expressed by a position where psychoanalysts would be charged to ‘interpret’ the literary work under the protest of writers, who wanted to remain intangible, living in a limb of creators, offering civilization the magical fruits of intuitive perceptions.
Based on this viewpoint some of the inspirational influences that literature had on psychoanalysis since its origins are reviewed. Then, two psychoanalytical approaches are exposed: the examination of the character construction in literature and a view on the importance of the mental conflict in the literary creation.

Key words
Applied psychoanalysis • literature.

Psychoanalysis and theatre
Alan Victor Meyer

In this paper the author aims to establish a relation of mutual implication between psychoanalysis and theatre, avoiding an applicative use of the former. Some references to Freud’s thoughts on Sophocles’ Greek tragedy “Oedipus King” are considered jointly with some of his ideas on creativity and phantasy.

Key words
Psychoanalysis • theatre • creativity • interpretation • phantasy • Oedipus.

Psychoanalysis and Mass Media
Claudio Rossi

After methodological considerations on the application of Psychoanalysis in social and cultural objects, the author deals with the seduction and magic of the media and its conscious and unconscious reasons. Based upon a literature survey it is shown that the media is controlled by a complex net of interests and social phenomena and that it is one of the most characteristic products of the globalized capitalism. The author considers that it is not useful to demonize the media and concludes that psychoanalysis practice can protect people against the bad effects and against the capitalist ideology that supports and dominates the media.

Key words
Media • mass media • mass • mass psychology • capitalism • psychoanalysis and media • alienation • magic of the media • seduction of the media.

The Raft of the Medusa and the Shipwreckeds of Identity
Luiz Fernando Gallego

The authors seek to clarify the question of Identity in relationship to the Being, the Self and external image, starting with the contributions of Grinberg, with emphasis on the ideas of Kohut, Mollon and Winnicott. These thinkers enable the pathway through several concepts and theorizations, addressing the theme in its vast contemporary complexity. To the end, one notices that this plurality revitalizes the psychoanalytic field that holds and needs such an expansion in its theoretical-clinical composition.

Key words
Identity • self • selfobjet • body image • being • chaos • existence.

"Psychoanalysis and Institutional Psychology”
Regina Murat

This text was elaborated for the discussion group named “Psychoanalysis and Institutional Psychology”, in the axis “Dialogue with the community”, at the XIX Brazilian Congress of Psychoanalysis. Its aim is to present a brief report on some of the author’s professional experiences including reflections about theoretical and technical approaches that served as support in this way: the Operative Groups, Institutional Analysis and Psychoanalysis.
It mentions possible links in these fields emphasizing, however, that these memories are more valuable due to its empirical richness than the theoretical treatment mentioned here.
Finally, it presents a clinical session and invites the reader to play (Winnicott, 1975), exploring the great variety of mirror games formed by the reader, the analyst, the analysand, and the crossing of these subjectivities that exist in their lives, groups, institutions and the ideological, juridical-political and economical reflects, between them.
A psychoanalyst in a General Hospital
The author presents her experience as psychologist in the Reconstructive Microsurgery Service of the Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (H.S.E.) describing her work of attending patients, and also her activities as interchange between physician and psychologist.
She points out that reconstructions of the body may cause physical changes. After that, she mentions the consequence in the mind when a body becomes sick, presenting theoretical aspects about the subjects. In order to illustrate the theme, the author describes a clinical case of reconstruction of an orbital tumour.
At last, she presents as a proposal for psycho-reorganization of the patient the possibility that he should get a support through speech, comprehension, interpretation and elaboration of his momentary anxieties.

Key words
Hospital psychology • Psychoanalysis • reconstruction • body image.

A psychoanalist “pé descalço” in the community
Joaquim Couto Rosa

The article refers to two field-experiences in two poor communities which are atended to by the “Programa de Saúde da Família” (PSF) (Family Health Programm). In both of them the author, although not practicing psychoanalytic treatment, made use of his experience in this practice in order to relate to emotional and psychological needs of members of these communities.
In the first experience, a voluntary activity which lasted for three years, the author shared and participated in various activities of a PSF team, always seeking to privilege emotional and psychological aspects.
In the second experience, as teacher for medical psychology at the Faculdade Médica de Teresópolis-RJ, the author describes his experience with his medical students; during a semester the students worked with families of a poor community registered in this Family Health Programm.

Key words
Applied psychanalysis

So many families!
Marci Dória Passos

This paper focuses on the family as the primary space for the construction of the self, as the original cell of a way of being-in-the-world and social existence within the cultural order which determines us. The family has been analyzed from a number of perspectives and theories. Undeniably a cultural construct, the family as institution transmits values, principles, traditions, rites and customs, whether symbolic or material.
The family is also a space of protection and care in which we acquire structural features. Conseqüently, we shall also consider the family as an object of psychic investment and as a circumstance in which psychic investment is constructed. Insofar as it generates and gives consistency to a certain cultural order which produces effects in each one of its members, the family occupies a specific social space which is both fundamental to the child’s psychic make-up and the very site of this structure.
Finally, we situate our relationships with our mothers, fathers and others as structural features in our process towards an always partial autonomy.

Key-words
Psychoanalysis • family • psychic structure.

Social Clinics in the Institutes of psychoanalysis
Maria de Fátima B. Calife Batista

The author describe in this work the advantages and the problems that shows up on the operation of a social clinic.Talk about the recently experience of the Center of Psychoanalysis Therapy and Researches, founded by S.P.R; in the end raises questions like:
Who are interest in a social clinic? and what contributions to the preservation of the psychoanalysis?

Key words
Social clinics • institutes of psychoanalysis.

Violence and psychic trauma as a risk situation in psychoanalysis
Edgar Chagas Diefenthaeler

The article focuses on the risks to the psyche and the analysis of patients with trauma developed in adult life due to situations of urban violence, showing aspects of the transferential relationship. The current fact is considered pathogenic insofar as it re-updates primitive primary object-relations. The traumatic fact is represented in acting-outs and with its real aspect it creates an intrusion into the analytic framework, constituting a constant trap, in which both the patient and the analyst can be caught. This trap creates a risk of compromising the essence of the analytic bond, promoting the symbolic repetition and not the symbolic working through anguishing complexes. In such cases, especially, the analyst has the permanent function of restoring the therapeutic process, in order to seek re-significance of traumatic experiences so as to integrate them, and thus promote the psychic growth of the analytic dyad, blocked by the traumatic emotional experience of the analysand. A clinical vignette is used to illustrate a few points that are important in order to understand the theme.

Key words
Urban violence • trauma • Oedipal anxieties • transference • intrusion • risk.

Literature and psychoanalysis
Marialzira Perestrello

This paper’s main approach is the inter-relation between Psychoanalysis and Literature .Examples on the importance and influence of writers on Freud’s works are given and on the other hand, Freud’s contemporary authors’ statements are cited in which they confess Literature’s debt and their own with Psychoanalysis. Something is pointed out on Literature as being an object of study for psychoanalysts. In closing, the author writes about Freud’s literary aspects as a reader, as a correspondent, in talks, in lectures ending with Freud as the writer.

Key words
Reletions between literature-psychoanalysis • surrealists • Stefan Zweig • Romain Rolland • Thomas Mann • literary aspects of Freud • Walter Muschg.

The vicissitudes of the Psychoanalysis in aged
Maria Cristina Reis Amendoeira

The author proposes a reflection on the psychoanalytic treatment of old people starting from the discussion realized in the study groups on the theme. The social construction of the aging notion is approached by being considered important for the understanding of the old’s universe. It is a period that the illusion of eternity can no long be sustained and the possibility of pathological mourning is greater. Feelings of incapacity with problems in production and creativity arises.
The subjects of defensive reorganizations of the personality are approached, countertransferences aspects that overflow in the relationship with the elderly.
Trough psychoanalytic treatment the elderly can assimilate new representations of object in the psychological structure having the new feeling of self identity, reconnecting with inner vitality sources and parts of their own forgotten or neglected that have in the influence on the daily life. These crisis contribute to strength and enrich the character with new organizations and transformations.

Key words
Ageing • Psychoanalytical technique in advanced age.